SpaceX Falcon 9 Block 5 - Starlink V1.5 Group 4-16 - Launched April 21, 2022
Screenshot from SpaceX Webcast of the launch of Starlink V1.5 Group 4-16
Mission Rundown: SpaceX B5 - Starlink V1.5 Grp. 4-16
Written: July 26, 2022
Record booster turnarounds these days
SpaceX’s Starlink Group 4-16 mission successfully launched 53 Starlink satellites atop a Falcon 9 rocket. The Falcon 9 lifted off from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40), at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, in Florida, United States. Starlink Group 4-16 marked the 42nd operational Starlink mission, boosting the total number of Starlink satellites launched to 2,441, of which 2,203 are still in orbit around the Earth. Starlink Group 4-16 marked the 13th launch of the fourth Starlink shell.
It’s launching Friday, April 29, 2022 at 17:27 EDT, from Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40). Starlink V1.5 Group 4-16 first stage booster B1062-6 will land on ‘JRTI’ - Just Read The Instruction around eight and a half minutes after liftoff.
After boosting the second stage along with its payload towards orbit, the first stage will perform a 20 second re-entry burn to slow the vehicle down in preparation for atmospheric reentry. The booster will then perform a 20-25 second landing burn aboard SpaceX’s autonomous spaceport drone ship.
SpaceX will also recover both fairing halves in the Atlantic Ocean with recovery vessel Bob, named after Demo-2 Astronaut Bob Behnken.
B1062-6 will have made its sixth flight after launching the following missions:
B1062-6 did not perform a static fire test after refurbishment and waiting for an east coast launch out of the Cape. SpaceX has since Starlink V1.0 L08 omitted this safety precaution 22 times so far. It is not required to perform a static fire test inhouse missions like Starlink, that was to save money and time before the launch.
SpaceX is the first entity ever that recovers and reflies its fairings. After being jettisoned, the two fairing halves will use cold gas thrusters to orientate themselves as they descend through the atmosphere. Once at a lower altitude, they will deploy drogue chutes and parafoils to help them glide down to a soft landing for recovery.
Falcon fairings halfs have been recovered and reused since 2019. Improved design changes and overall refurbishment procedures have decreased the effects of water landings and led to an increased recovery rate of fairings.
Of 113 missions with fairings, 78 have been recovered, and 36 missions have been flown with reused fairing halfs.
The fairings are a used pair from 4 previous missions with no known joint mission. Both fairings survived the landing. The active fairing supported 3 missions. The passive fairing half were on 1 unknown mission. Active fairings are equipped with four pushrods to separate the two fairings halfs.
Fairings have evenly spaced venting ports that have been redesigned a number of times by having first ten, then eight and now having their venting ports built as close pairs along the fairing edge. This prevents saltwater from the ocean from flooding and sinking the fairing, and makes refurbishment toward the next flight easier.
The Payload
SpaceX plans to offer “better than nothing” service in North America by the end of 2020 and estimates that once complete, its venture will make $30-50 billion annually. The funds from which will, in turn, be used to finance its ambitious Mars program.
To achieve initial coverage, SpaceX plans to form a net of 12,000 satellites, which will operate in conjunction with ground stations, akin to a mesh network.
Furthermore, the company recently filed for FCC permission on an additional 30,000 spacecraft, which, if granted, could see the constellation amount to a lucrative 42,000. This would octuple the number of operational satellites in earth orbit, further raising concerns about the constellations' effect on the night sky and earth-based astronomy.
For more information on Starlink, watch the Real Engineering video listed below.
Each Starlink V1.0 satellite is a compact design that used to weigh 260 kg. SpaceX developed them to be a flat-panel design to fit as many satellites as possible within the Falcon 9’s 5.2 meter wide payload fairing. 60 satellites were fitted into a dispenser affixed to the second stage.
Each Starlink V1.5 satellite still has a compact design and now has a mass of 306 kg with room for only 53 Starlink V1.5 satellites. The Starlink V1.5 satellites being launched are equipped with an inter-satellite laser communication system. This allows the satellites to communicate directly with each other, eliminating the need for costly ground stations.
The entire Starlink payload weighs around 15,600 kg. That’s near the limit that a Falcon 9 can lift into LEO and still have enough propellant for landing.
Starlink also features a SpaceX built and designed star track navigation system to enable precision placement of broadband throughput.
Four inter-satellite laser links (ISLLs) allow high-speed communication between Starlink satellites. SpaceX placed two ISLLs on the front and rear of the satellite to talk with Starlink satellites in the same orbital plane. They remain fixed in position. Two ISLLs on the satellite’s sides track other Starlink satellites in different orbital planes. This means they have to move to track the other satellites.
Starlink Orbit Plans
The first 29 launches of one testbed Starlink mission and 28 operational Starlink missions brought the number of launched Starlink satellites to 1665 in Shell one.
The Group 4-16 flight with 53 of SpaceX’s Starlink V1.5 internet satellites, will now join the 559 Starlink V1.5 satellites already in orbit.
SpaceX's Starlink V0.9, V1.0 and V1.5 internet satellites that have been launched so far count as follows: only two of 60 V0.9 satellites are still in orbit. Of the 1665 V1.0 satellites that have been launched until L28, 147 have either destructively reentered, as designed, or after encountering issues after launch, is 1518 operational Starlink V1.0 satellites. And finally out of 1481 Starlink V1.5 satellites launched, there are only 60 Starlink V1.5 satellites that have deorbited according to this source. Spoiler it’s September 2, 2022.
Spreading the wings of individual Starlink satellites in their orbit tracks - Graphic by Ben Craddock
Of the 60 v0.9 satellites launched in 2019, 46 have reentered by now to date, 6 are still under some control with the remaining 8 either actively deorbiting or naturally decaying. The Tintin and v0.9 satellites will not be in the operational Starlink satellite constellation. These pre-satellites lack the communications payload needed for full operation.
SpaceX will assign 18-20 Satellite Vehicles to each of three adjacent orbital planes. Orbital planes are to satellites as tracks are to trains – they are orbits parallel to each other designed to maximize area coverage while minimizing the number of satellites required.
Since early-December 2020, SpaceX has been altering the spacing of the satellites already on orbit. It appears the company is arranging many of the planes to have 18 active satellites instead of 20, which would fill some small gaps and free up some satellites to act as spares. There will eventually be 72 planes of 22 satellites each in the initial Shell 1 of the Starlink constellation.
Look for an Animation by Ben Craddock for NASASpaceflight showing the movements of Starlink satellites into their orbital planes since August 1, 2020. The satellites from each launch split into three groups that each formed a plane.
Just a little peak in the current Starlink orbit mesh, it’s still a work in progress - small gabs does it
SpaceX plans to begin offering Starlink service to Canada and the northern United States later this year. Near global coverage is expected to start next year. Pricing has not been made public, but it has been hinted that speeds up to one gigabit may be possible.
Having now filled 18 evenly spaced planes in the constellation, SpaceX should be attaining continuous coverage in the northern U.S. and southern Canada areas where they intend to launch the Starlink service. SpaceX are now working on filling up to 72 evenly spaced planes in the constellation.
Starlink Phase 1 Orbital Shells
The first orbital shell of Starlink satellites will consist of 1,584 satellites in a 53° 550 km low-Earth orbit. This is the shell that SpaceX is currently filling, and it is expected that this shell will be complete by June 2021. Once complete, the first shell will provide coverage between roughly 52° and -52° latitude (~80% of the Earth’s surface), and will not feature laser links until replacement satellites will launch sometime after 2021.
Completed - The surviving operational Starlink V1.0 is now using a few months to reach operational orbits in 72 planes with 22 Satellite Vehicles in each plus spares. This shell is currently near completion, with only 1538 working satellites minus 46 replacements.
Starlink’s second shell will host 720 satellites in a 70° 570 km orbit. These satellites will significantly increase the coverage area, which will make the Starlink constellation cover around 94% of the globe. SpaceX will put 20 satellites in each of the 36 planes in the second shell. This shell is currently hosting 51 Starlink V1.5 Satellites.
The third shell will consist of 348 satellites in a 97.6° 560 km orbit. SpaceX deployed 10 laser link test satellites into this orbit on their Transporter-1 mission to test satellites in a polar orbit. SpaceX launched an additional 3 satellites to this shell on the Transporter-2 mission. Satellites deployed in this orbit will have inter-satellite laser link communication. Shell three will have six orbital planes with 58 satellites in each plane. This shell apparently has hosted 3 Starlink V1.5 satellites since the Transporter-2 mission on June 30, 2021.
The fourth shell will consist of 1,584 satellites in a 540 km 53.2° LEO. This updated orbital configuration will slightly increase coverage area and will drastically increase the bandwidth of the constellation. This shell will also consist of 72 orbital planes with 22 satellites in each plane. This shell now holds 612 Starlink V1.5 satellites.
The final fifth shell of phase 1 of Starlink will host 172 satellites in another 97.6° 560 km low-Earth polar orbit. Shell 5 will also consist purely of satellites with laser communication links; however unlike shell four it will consist of four orbital planes with 43 satellites in each plane. This shell doesn't host any Starlink V1.5 satellites.
Ion Drive with Krypton gas
Innovative ion propulsion technology keeps these satellites in the correct position while on orbit. They use ion Hall-effect thrusters to achieve their working orbit. Each Starlink satellite incorporates an autonomous collision avoidance system. It uses the Department of Defence’s debris tracking data to avoid colliding with space debris or other satellites.
Starlink’s low altitude also allows SpaceX to easily deorbit malfunctioning satellites, even if their engines fail. Although 100 km is commonly described as the upper limit of Earth’s atmosphere, there is no “hard barrier”. Even at 550 km altitude, there is still a slight amount of atmospheric drag pulling the satellites down. Each satellite’s onboard ion Hall-effect thruster engine is powerful enough to keep it in orbit, but if the engine fails, it will fall back to Earth within about a year. Read about the Hall-effect thruster engine here.
The minuscule atmospheric drag in low Earth orbit will help ensure that dead satellites don’t stay in orbit for long. This will help reduce the amount of space debris in orbit, which is rapidly becoming a major concern.
Starlink Satellite Constellation
Constellations use multiple satellites working in conjunction for a common purpose. SpaceX plans eventually to form a network of about 12,000 satellites. They will operate roughly 4,400 satellites using Ku- and Ka-band radio spectrum, and almost another 7,500 satellites in the V-band.
To achieve initial coverage, Starlink will use 72 orbital planes, angled at 53 degrees from the Earth’s equator at an altitude of 550 km. They will put 22 satellites into each of these orbital planes, totaling 1,584 satellites. They will communicate with other Starlink satellites and with ground stations, akin to a mesh network.
In late 2019, the company asked the American Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for permission to launch an additional 30,000 satellites into orbits ranging from 328 km to 580 km in altitude. If the FCC okays the request, the constellation could grow to 42,000 satellites. This would increase the number of operational satellites in Earth orbit by at least a factor of 20 from pre-2019 levels.
The constellation’s large numbers are raising concerns regarding their effect on the night sky and Earth-based astronomy. However, Elon Musk stated that he is confident that SpaceX can mitigate light pollution issues and is working with industry experts to minimize the potential for any impact. Future Starlink satellites will use a sunshade that is a patio-like umbrella to reduce light reflectivity.
As was the case with a single Starlink satellite on the V1.0 L7 mission (launched on June 4), all Starlink satellites that will launch on subsequent missions “L8 - L28” going forward will feature a sun shade or visor, which will assist in blocking sunlight from reflecting off the majority of the spacecraft body while in orbit and reducing its overall albedo/intrinsic brightness as observed from the ground.
Starlink ground antennas
Prototypes of the Starlink user terminal antenna have been spotted alongside the other antennas at Starlink gateway locations in Boca Chica, Texas and Merrillan, Wisconsin. These user terminals will be crucial to the success of the Starlink network.
SpaceX board member Steve Jurvetson recently tweeted that the company’s board had an opportunity to try out the user terminals at the company headquarters in Hawthorne. The devices use a Power over Ethernet (PoE) cable for their power and data connection. The antenna connects to a SpaceX branded router with Wi-Fi (802.a/b/g/n/ac, transmitting at 2.4 & 5GHz). SpaceX is producing the antenna assemblies in-house while outsourcing production of the more common router component.
SpaceX continues to make progress setting up its network of gateways for the Starlink system. New gateways are being added in countries all over the world and will connect giant data servers to users through Starlink.
As of now, only higher latitudes are covered (between 44 and 52 degrees according to one source). However, SpaceX only needs 24 launches for global coverage. Given SpaceX’s current Starlink production and launch rate, Starlink will have global coverage by the middle of 2021.
The second shell will, when operational, provide service almost all over the world because Starlink V1.5 satellites will be visible from the north pole just over the horizon with a 70 degree inclination orbit at a 570 km altitude.
SpaceX is currently offering a beta version of the Starlink internet service, jokingly named the “Better Than Nothing Beta”. Users pay $500 for the Starlink terminal and router and then $99 per month for the service.
Invitations to participate in the beta were sent out to people who signed up through the official Starlink website and live in parts of the northern United States, southern Canada, and very recently the United Kingdom.
The results so far have been very promising, with SpaceX reporting speeds of 100mbps with 20-40ms latency, well below geostationary satellite latency. Many users have reported speed tests even higher than 100mbps.
The fourth shell is almost similar to Shell 1, but it will reinforce the effort to replace shell 1 satellites with the next generation Starlink V1.5 satellites. Shell 4 satellites can be retasked to replace missing Starlink V1.0 satellites in shell 1. All it will cost is a little ionized Krypton gas and an altitude adjustment from 540 kilometer to 550 kilometer.
